Genetic variation in nuclear and mitochondrial markers supports a large sex difference in lifetime reproductive skew in a lekking species

Sex differences in skews of vertebrate lifetime reproductive success are difficult to measure directly. Evolutionary histories of differential skew should be detectable in the genome. For example, male-biased skew should reduce variation in the biparentally inherited genome relative to the maternally inherited genome. We tested this approach in lek-breeding ruff (Class Aves, Philomachus pugnax) by comparing genetic variation of nuclear microsatellites (θ n ; biparental) versus mitochondrial D-loop sequences (θ m ; maternal), and conversion to comparable nuclear (N e ) and female (N ef ) effective population size using published ranges of mutation rates for each marker (μ). We provide a Bayesian method to calculate N e (θ n = 4N e μ n ) and N ef (θ m = 2N ef μ m ) using 95% credible intervals (CI) of θ n and θ m as informative priors, and accounting for uncertainty in μ. In 96 male ruffs from one population, N e was 97% (79-100%) lower than expected under random mating in an ideal population, where N e :N ef = 2. This substantially lower autosomal variation represents the first genomic support of strong male reproductive skew in a lekking species.